The Qing Dynasty: Last Imperial Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China — a period of territorial expansion, population growth, and cultural achievement, but also of eventual decline and confrontation with foreign powers. The Qing, ruled by the Manchu, synthesized Chinese and Inner Asian traditions into a distinctive imperial system.

Imperial Expansion

The Qing expanded Chinese territory to its greatest extent: conquest of the Dzungar Mongols; incorporation of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Taiwan; and diplomatic relations with European powers. At its peak, the Qing empire was one of the largest in world history.

Cultural Achievement

Qing culture achieved remarkable sophistication: the "Dream of the Red Chamber" novel; the painting of the "Four Masters"; the "Six Collections" of literature; and the decorative arts — cloisonne, enamel, and lacquers — of the imperial court. But the 19th century brought humiliation by foreign powers.