Ancient Chinese Capitals: Chang'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng

Ancient Chinese capitals represent some of the largest and most sophisticated cities of the pre-modern world — urban centers that housed millions, served as seats of imperial power, and served as hubs of culture, commerce, and international exchange.

Chang'an

Chang'an (长安, present-day Xi'an) was the capital of multiple dynasties — Han, Tang, and others — and was one of the largest cities in the world. At its peak during the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an had over one million inhabitants and was a cosmopolitan metropolis with foreign merchants, monks, and diplomats from across Asia.

Luoyang and Kaifeng

Luoyang (洛阳) was the capital of the Eastern Han, Wei, and Northern Wei, and home to the famous Longmen Grottoes. Kaifeng (开封), the capital of the Northern Song, was the world's largest city during the 11th century, with a population exceeding one million and a vibrant economy based on canals and trade.